The Impact of Ideological Orientations on the Differentiation between the Arabic and the English Styles in Translating Newspaper Headlines

— Translation process is subject to many non-linguistic factors that clearly affect the course of the translation process and impose their logic on both the translator and the translation product. Perhaps newspaper headlines represent one of the textual models whose translation from one language to another is subject to such factors that interact and overlap with the translator’s skill and his linguistic knowledge that put their mark on his final product. The most prominent of these factors is the ideological orientations of the translator and his knowledge of the intellectual and cultural background of the audience to whom the translated text is intended. This paper aims to trace the impact of the translator’s ideological orientations and his knowledge of the requirements of translation clients and readers in differentiation between the Arabic and the English styles of translating newspaper headlines, by reviewing a group of newspaper headlines. It became clear from the study that translating newspaper headlines include a lot ideological influences that urge the translator to interfere in the text to achieve goals of an ideological nature, most notably meeting the needs of a specific audience of readers, and this ideological intervention led to the differentiation between the Arabic style and the English styles in translating newspaper headlines.


I. INTRODUCTION
Translation as a process of moving between different languages with multiple backgrounds is subject to many factors that go beyond the language barrier. Translation is not a mechanical process in which the translator moves from one linguistic form to another, as much as it is a process of transition from one intellectual, cultural and social background to another background. Therefore, the translator sometimes resorts to linguistic manipulations, both verbally and syntactically, to adapt the translated text to the ideological orientations of the readers. This adaptation of the text by the translator contributes to determining the meaning that the reader wants to understand and comprehend. The matter becomes more important when it comes to journalistic news, which mainly aims to shape the awareness of readers and convey information to them in a way that involuntarily urges them to adopt a certain point of view.
The aim of the research is to trace the impact of the translator's ideological orientations and his knowledge of the requirements of translation clients and readers in distinguishing between the Arabic and English styles of translating newspaper headlines, by reviewing a group of newspaper headlines. The research works to answer the following questions: 1. What is the relationship between ideological orientations and translation? 2. Do ideological factors affect the translator when translating newspaper headlines?
3. What is the impact of ideology on the differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines?
The research assumes that translating newspaper headlines involves a number of ideological influences that urge the translator to interfere in the text, intentionally or unintentionally, by following strategies and procedures that are compatible with his ideological orientations and the culture of the audience. This intervention leads to differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating these newspaper headlines.
The research is limited to reviewing and analyzing a group of newspaper headlines and producing general results about the ideological intervention in translation, the procedures and strategies that the translator followed to express his ideology and the ideology of the target audience when translating, and how this affected the differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating these newspaper headlines in the light of Van Dijk's theory which is based on three components: social function ,cognitive structure and discursive expression and reproduction. The first component interprets of developing and using ideology by people. The second component attempts to describe the concept of ideology and the way they control social aspects whereas the last component answers the question how ideologies are generally articulated and used in the society (Dijk, 1998). Van Dijk introduced his theory to analyze the way in which ideologies and opinions are expressed in the texts.

II. IDEOLOGY AND MEDIA
Ideology is considered as one of the main factors that has an influence on media content and its language. The concept of ideology has been defined from different perspectives; Williams (1976,p.156) defines ideology as "set of ideas which arise from a given set of material interests." Simpson (1993,p.18) assumes that ideology "ideology "is shared beliefs and doctrines among particular social groups and that sense of correspondence gives power to the ideology of those groups when they are the dominant powers in any society." Samuel Becker (1984;cited in Shoemaker and Rees, 1991, p.183) states that ideology is responsible for our perception of the world and us. Ideology is rather flexible and tries to adopt according to new circumstances. (Lacy, 1998, p.98).
The above definitions make us ascertain that the notion of ideology not only perceive the surrounding world but also to construct opinions about it. Taking into account, it is worth to say that "the analysis of media text structure aims to unveil the ideological basis of that text" (ibid.p.99).
Moreover, ideology is a "meaning in the service of power." (Thompson, 1984(Thompson, , 1990cited in Fairclough, 1995, p. 14).It can be said that ideology is the way in which people's points of view are created and shaped in order to meet the expectations .In addition , ideology has an impact on the information in a way that can form our opinion and outlook on various aspects of life.
The above definitions of ideology indicates that "the public's ideology entails an establishment of their beliefs and ideas structured based on how they perceive, conceptualize and recognize socio-economic, socio-political, and religious events around them".
"Furthermore, the ability of presenting and creating world is used in order to provide the information in a way, which is consistent with the Ideological purposes." (Bagińska, 2013.p.226). It is worth saying here that the ideological and opinions of newspapers are believed to be social, institutional and political rather than personal (Dijk, 1998, p. 22). "It means that the main aim of ideological influence will be connected with the ideas presented by some socially constructed group, such as political party, institution or organization". (Bagińska,2013, p.226).

III. IDEOLOGY AND TRANSLATION
Definition of Ideology: In the late eighteenth century, the French philosopher (Destut de Tracy) used the term ideology to denote the science that is concerned with the study of ideas (Eagleton, 1991, P.1), as Tracy aimed to establish (the Science of ideas), and this science is concerned with the study of ideas, knowing their sources, tracing their origins, and then proceeding to analyze the various factors that influenced them until they crystallized into their final form (Khalifa, 1999, p. 103). Van Dijk believes that the term ideology is used to refer to a set of beliefs held by members of a specific social group, and these beliefs are called (social perceptions). The members of each social group have a common cultural background, which is represented in the customs, traditions, values and principles that form the basis of all mental activities and relations between members of the group or in dealing with various other groups (Van Dijk, 2002, p. 17). Karl Marx defines ideology as: "A mere mask or veil that hides the truth from the simple people so that the toiling social class whose rights have been violated by revolting against its miserable conditions and demand its violated rights" (Al-Aroui, 2003, p. 36).
As for (Eagleton), he used the term ideology to refer to the meaning of (legitimizing), which is a meaning of a political nature that refers to the keenness of political parties to find justifications for the various political behaviors that they carry out in order to achieve their goals, and thus they represent a set of beliefs, values and principles that they adopt. Thus, it represents a set of beliefs, values, and principles adopted by a political party and represent a reference for its political behavior, and it builds on them to define its goals that it seeks. (Eagleton, 1991, P. 2).
Ideology also means the study of the characteristics and characteristics of a society during a specific period of time, with a focus on the intellectual, cultural and social aspects by tracing the various dominant intellectual and philosophical currents and trends during the study period. Then, observing how these different social trends are embodied in artistic, literary and philosophical works, which is called the mental framework or mental horizon within which ideas, arts and literature emerged, and this is expressed using the term ideology in specific historical contexts, such as the ideology of the Renaissance and the ideology of the nineteenth century and others (Al-Aroui, 2003, p. 10 -12).
In the field of social and historical studies, the term (ideology) refers to the process of producing meanings in a social context. Mentioning the social context here refers to adherence to society's criteria and perceptual frameworks when understanding and interpreting phenomena (Eagleton, 1991, P.4).
The influence of ideology on the translation process: In light of the lack of agreement on a clear and specific definition of ideology, it remains difficult to give an accurate description of the role that ideology plays in the translation process, and the concept of ideology and its impact on translation itself is relatively recent. In the past, the focus of the translator centered on preserving the original text, its form and content, and transferring it to the other language in all fidelity without any adapt or change. This approach as a whole restricted the translator's freedom in interpreting the original text (Fawcett, 2010, p.p. 167, 174). The translator in the past had to abide by the original text and transmit it as it is without manipulation or adaptation, regardless of his disagreement with the content of the original text or its agreement (Newmark, 1982, p. 389). This matter did not last long, as translation studies soon witnessed a radical shift in taking into account the original text in the translation process, and the translator, according to the modern vision of translation, became able to actively DOI: http://doi.org/10.24086/ICLANGEDU2023/paper.938 participate in the process of producing and editing the text, and even interpret it according to what the translator deems appropriate for the purpose of translation. (, Bassnett, 2007, P. 13 -14).
The new translation studies theorists have realized that translation is a human activity of an ideological nature, and it is a very complex activity given the multiplicity of interests of the participating parties and their different purposes in the translation process (Schaffner, 2003, p. 23), in the sense that each of the parties of the translation process has its assumptions, beliefs and his personal attitudes, which are reflected on all levels of the text. This affects the translator and makes him incur the responsibility of trying to understand the meaning of the original text within the framework of his culture, before translating it and transferring it to the culture of the target language and working to choose the best translation strategies, by intervening at all levels of the text, so that it fits the expectations and beliefs of the target culture (Mason, 1994, p. 23 -34). Kress and Hodger (1979) believe that there is a close relationship between ideology and language. As language is the container that accommodates ideology, and in language we can express ideas and beliefs. Thus the study of language is considered a response that provides the learner with expressive methods that in turn express the ways of thinking of everyone who adopts an ideology as a belief or intellectual system (Kress & Hodge, 1979, p. 15).
Given the importance of ideology and its impact on the translated text, many translation studies focused on dealing with the translated text from an ideological point of view. These studies have focused on the role of ideology in the translation process by addressing the impact of the translator's subjective factors on the text, or through the text's adherence to cultural, intellectual and social criteria emanating from the translation audience and its readers. The methods of influence of ideology in the translated text vary according to the difference in the development of specific definitions of ideology, but there are two theoretical approaches that explain the presence and influence of ideology in the translated text, namely the functional approach and the criteria approach.
Functional Approach: This approach considers translation as a communicative process between two languages with their cultural backgrounds, and thus goes beyond the idea that translation is merely a search for linguistic equivalence in the language to which it is transmitted. The goal of translation, according to this approach, is to produce a text that plays a specific role in a specific social field (Schaffner, 1998, P. 3). This approach was developed by Vermeer, and it came to consider every human movement or act as having a specific purpose, and accordingly, translation is no longer just a transfer of codes from one language to another, as much as it is an act of human actions that has a purpose determined by the one who does it (the translator). Therefore, the translator has the task of selecting the characteristics that suit the requirements of the culture he is transferring to, without being limited to transferring the text as it is from one language to another (Shuttleworth, 1997, p. 156).
The functional approach focused on the purpose of translation, making it the decisive factor in the translation act, and making the translator an expert in the specificity of the culture to which he is transferring. The translator is the one who determines the purpose of translation and does his work accordingly. So, the original text is no longer the decisive reference that the translator refers to determine the desired goal of the translation process. Based on the foregoing, we can say that the functional approach of translation is based on three criteria: the translator, the translation process, and the purpose of translation (Honig, 1998, p. 14). These criteria interact with each other to form the translated text. The translator must be subject to certain factors. These factors arise according to a number of cultural, intellectual and social considerations for the target audience, which requires the translator to abide by them in the process of making practical decisions in order to suit his ultimate goal of producing a text that serves the purpose he set. For this, the functional approach liberated the translator from excessive adherence to the original text, and the choices made by the translator became subject to ideological considerations arising from the cultural, intellectual and social factors of the audience of readers. According to this approach, the translator is obligated to take into account the aspirations of the reader in the translated text (Nord, 2003, p. 105).
Criteria Approach: This approach is mainly based on a theory in literary criticism, according to which cultural and social factors are largely reflected in literary and novel works. A person instinctively tends to adhere to what is acceptable in his society, and to avoid unacceptable behaviors. Society members share knowledge in the form of criteria that distinguish right behavior from wrong, and (Toury) defines criteria as: "The translation of general values shared by a group -as to what is conventionally right and wrong, adequate and inadequate-into performance instructions appropriate for and applicable to particular situations" (Toury, 2000, P. 205).
In the practical fact of translation, criteria only apply when choices are available to the translator, as they are a reflection of social constraints on the one hand and translational behavior related to individual decisions of the translator on the other hand (Toury, 1999, p. 15). Accordingly, the translation work necessarily includes the performance of a social role that is subject to a number of varying restrictions. Toury proceeded from this hypothesis to divide the criteria into three sections, namely: Preliminary criteria, which control decisions related to translation policy and direct it. Initial criteria, which control the general decisions of the translator to adhere either to the original text, its language, and its culture, or to the criteria, language, and culture of the text to be produced. Practical criteria are the practical decisions taken by the translator during his work and vary between textual, linguistic and contextual decisions (Toury, 2000, P. 202).
The approach of criteria explicitly indicates that ideology, in its social and cultural aspects, controls the translation process at all levels. The cultural and social aspect of the translator controls the practical choices that he makes at all levels of translation, starting from choosing the text and ending with the comparison between translation strategies and the choice of methods and words to convey certain phrases. It has become mandatory for the translator to approach language and ideology by paying attention to the internal effects and the conflict of social forces, ideas and beliefs that appear through language, because he considers language a purely social behavior (Wodak, 2001, p.1).
Many contemporary translation studies have tended to study the translation process as an ideological product, and these studies considered that the translated text is a reflection of social, cultural, intellectual and historical factors. It is noticeable in these studies that they transcend the linguistic elements in translation to consider it as a process affected either by the ideology of the translator, or by the ideology of the readers. The spread of globalization in our contemporary world has led to an increase in the influence of ideology in the translation process, and the link between multiple cultures through translation has become a process affected by a form of ideology throughout history (Perez, 2003, p. 16 -19).

IV. NEWS HEADLINES
Newspapers were made to spread news all over various aspects of life, such as politics, sport, finance, science and technology…etc.
Since being the major device used to attract readers from different cultures , headlines assume special significance that resulted in special structure and characteristics .News headlines are considered as a staggering type of texts and considered as separate genre on their own.
The newspaper headline is the highest level of communication in the communication process between the journalist, recipient and the news, because it comes in the top of the news or journalistic topic, and with it the journalist attracts the reader. It is a comprehensive summary of the ideas and news received, hence the importance of the headline as the main entrance to the journalistic topic and its key.

A. The Importance of News Headlines and Its Functions
Import The newspaper headline is a miniature identification card for the journalistic material, so it determines the fate of the text. A good headline motivates the reader to continue reading the text, while an ill-conceived headline inevitably leads to neglecting the reading of the text even if the text is good in its content. We can summarize the importance of the newspaper headline and its functions in the following points (Salam, 2014, p. 9): (i) Summarize the content of the published topic.
(ii) Introduce the published topic and indicate its importance.
(iii) Encourages the reader to read the published material.
(iv) Separation of accompanying text and other materials.
(v) Indicates the quality of the editorial material.
(vi) Giving attractiveness to the published topic as well as the newspaper.
(vii) Contribute to defining the editorial policy and direction of the newspaper.
(viii) The headline helps the reader to choose the material he wants to read.
(ix) Provides a quick and focused idea to the inquisitive reader about the topic.
There are four types of headings, namely: the main heading, the sub-heading, the second heading, and the heading that divides the text into sections. It is a type of journalistic punctuation in long articles and newspaper interviews that helps in summarizing the ideas of the paragraphs and realerting the reader with the maze of the long text (Al-Khoury, 2009, p. 77).

A. Translation of newspaper headlines
The translator can translate newspaper headlines according to the function performed by the newspaper headline, which usually does not deviate from the following functions (Astribei, 2011, p. 33 -48).
1. The expressive function: which is when the writer intends from the headline to communicate his position on the events and his interpretation of them, and this headline is usually the headline of an article.
2. The news function: It is that the writer intends from the headline to give the reader an idea and a prompt, but rather a summary of the journalistic topic and a brief definition of what it contains.
3. Appeal function: It is that the writer intends from the headline to attract the attention of the reader through a hidden appeal based on a perfect wording to attract the reader towards the journalistic material through expressive vocabulary that carries with it deep connotations that have an impact on the reader.
V. DATA ANALYSIS If In this study, six English news headlines were selected from web sites for the purpose of analysis ;four of them were taken from French24 and the other two form the English BBC ,whose translation from one language to another is subject to many factors that interact and interfere with the translator's skill and linguistic knowledge, establishing their mark on the final product. The most prominent of these factors is the ideological orientations of the translator and his knowledge of the intellectual and cultural background of the audience to whom the translated text is intended. The researcher seeks, through these models, to track the effect of the translator's ideological orientations and his knowledge of the requirements of translation clients and readers in distinguishing between the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines.
In this study, the researcher relied on samples of newspaper headlines published by the website of France 24 newspaper. Our choice of this newspaper came as a result of being a French newspaper that publishes, in addition to its French version, two other versions, one of which is an Arabic version addressed to the Arab reader, and another English version addressed to the United States and English-speaking countries. We have noticed that this newspaper publishes its main topics on its French-language website, and then translates these topics into Arabic in the Arabic version and into English in its DOI: http://doi.org/10.24086/ICLANGEDU2023/paper.938 English-language version. Although the origin of the translated text is the same, there is a differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines for these topics, which prompted us to study this matter and try to explore its depths and find out the reasons and Motives for this differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines. Mozahrat moareda llraees almasry estegabah ledaawat ala alinternet "Egyptian Police disperse protesters demanding removal of president Al-Sisi" (France 24 EN, 2019) This news was reported on France 24 in the context of the ongoing demonstrations against Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, which are calling for him to step down from power. However, the translator did not abide by the original text when translating. From a formal point of view, the headline came in the Arabic language in the form of a nominal sentence. As for the English translation, the headline came in the form of a verbal sentence subject to the (SVO) structure. In terms of content, the translator completely distorted the content of the headline, although the original is the same. In the headline in Arabic, the translator directed his attention to the demonstrations and their nature, taking into account the ideology of the Arab reader, especially the Egyptian reader, who cares a lot about the origin of the event, which is the outbreak of demonstrations, and its source is the calls for demonstrations on Internet. As for the English translation, the translator changed his orientation as a result of his transfer to a Western ideology that contradicts the ideology of the Arab reader. Instead of focusing on the origin and nature of the event, the translator moved to focus on the Egyptian police's dealings with the demonstrations calling for President Sisi to step down from power. Here we notice the translator moving from one ideology to another, as he took into account in the English translation the human rights aspect and how the police dealt with the demonstrators, because this view corresponds to the ideology of the Western reader who is opposed to any violations against human rights, and believes in freedom of opinion and expression and the right of peoples to reject their ruler and support the peaceful transfer of power. In addition, the translator did not ignore the editorial policy of the newspaper, which corresponds to the official political orientations of the French state, as the translator tried to divert the attention of the English reader from the events of the demonstrations taking place in France at that time period with other similar events in which the demonstrators were subjected to repression and dispersal by the police. Rawhani yuakid rafd tahran altafawud mae washintun fi zili aleuqubat "US committing merciless economic terrorism, Iran's Rouhani says" (France 24 EN, 2019).
This news was reported on France 24 in the context of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani's speech about the US sanctions imposed on his country because of Iran's nuclear program, in his speech to the United Nations General Assembly. In this speech, Rouhani declared his refusal to engage in dialogue with the United States and to sit with the American president at the negotiating table, after efforts made by Europe to accomplish this task. In the Arabic context, the translator limited himself to quoting what the Iranian president said by omitting it in quotation marks, as the translator realized that the Arab reader does not care about the exact details of this American-Iranian conflict, and does not want to know anything but brief information about this issue. The translator contented himself with mentioning Iran's refusal to the talks, explaining the reason for that refusal represented in the US sanctions imposed on Iran, while in the English context the situation was completely different. He mentioned Rouhani's accusation that the United States had committed "economic terrorism" against Iran. Here, the translator clearly understands the ideological background of the English citizen, who is apprehensive of the Iranian nuclear program, a country that has a strict religious character in the Western imagination and poses a threat to American interests and the security and stability of the West. This realization eventually led to the translator adapting the headline to fit the ideological background of the audience.

Headline No.3
The Swedish oil tanker Stena Impero enters international waters after leaving Iran on Friday.
This news was reported on France 24 in the context of Iran's release of the Swedish oil tanker Stena Impero, which it seized in the Strait of Hormuz and was carrying the British flag on the day of its detention, and the entry of this tanker into international waters. In the headline of the news, the translator did not undertake to transfer the headline from one linguistic context to another, but rather changed the meaning entirely to conform to the ideology of the audience of readers. In the Arabic translation, the translator confirmed that the ship had entered international waters after leaving Iran, and in this message to the Arab public, especially the Gulf, that the tanker carrying their oil had safely arrived in international waters, which are waters subject to international protection and cannot be encroached upon according to international law. While in the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines. Within the research, the research questions were answered based on the following results: The first question: What is the relationship between ideological orientations and translation? -Despite the difference in setting a comprehensive definition that prevents ideology, the recent trends in translation studies confirm beyond any doubt that the ideology and the intellectual, cultural and social orientations of the translator have a clear impact on the translation product. The second question: Do ideological factors affect the translator when translating newspaper headlines? -Ideology has a clear influence on the translator when translating newspaper headlines, and this was evident through the models reviewed by the study. The translator takes into account the ideology of the audience, works to meet their needs and provides them with the text they want to read. The third question: What is the impact of ideology on the differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines? -Ideology has a clear and evident impact on the differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines. The headlines addressed to the Arab audience is completely different from the headlines addressed to the English audience, and this is self-evident in view of the ideological difference between the Arab reader and the Western reader. Which calls for differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines, and this is evident in the folds of this research. It can be summarized that the translation of newspaper headlines includes a lot of ideological influences that urge the translator to intervene in the text to achieve goals of an ideological nature, most notably meeting the needs of a specific audience of readers, and this ideological intervention led to the differentiation between the Arabic and English styles in translating newspaper headlines.